Verse statistics¶

ests.verse_stats.VerseStats

Description¶

A module for computing the verse statistics of a text: the scansion of the lines, the meter and the number of metrical syllables, the rhythmic stresses and the stress profile, the types of the endecasílabo, the endings of the lines, the rhyme, its scheme and the strophes. The data source can be either a text with its line breaks or a Doc object of the spaCy library; no trained model and no dictionary are needed.

The meter of Spanish verse is syllabic: a line is measured by its metrical syllables, and the stresses shape its rhythm. The words are split into syllables and stressed by syllabify and word_stresses; the syllables of a line are counted with the synalephas and the law of the final stress, and a compound verse, the alejandrino above all, is read as two hemistichs. The algorithm and its accuracy on the sonnets of DISCO are described in the functions section.

Note

The statistics are computed when the VerseStats object is made.

Parameters¶

Parameter	Type	Default	Description
`source`	str/Doc	`-`	Data source (a string or a Doc object)
`seseo`	bool	`False`	Pronounce `c` and `z` before `e` and `i` as `s` in the rhyme, as in Andalusia and in America: `voz` - `dos`

Attributes¶

Attribute	Type	Description
`lines`	tuple[str]	Lines with Spanish words
`stanzas`	tuple[tuple[str, ...], ...]	Lines by stanza
`n_lines`	int	Number of lines
`n_stanzas`	int	Number of stanzas
`meter`	str/None	Meter - the name of the verse by its metrical syllables: `octosílabo`, `endecasílabo`, `alejandrino`... (`VERSE_METERS`), or `None`
`n_feet`	int/None	Number of metrical syllables of the meter
`c_feet`	dict[int, int]	Distribution of the lines by metrical syllables
`p_deviations`	float	Share of the lines off the meter, `nan` without a meter
`p_pyrrhics`	float	Share of the lines of the meter without its rhythmic stresses, `nan` without a meter
`stress_profile`	tuple[float, ...]	Share of the stressed lines of the meter by metrical syllable
`c_rhythms`	dict[str, int]	Distribution of the endecasílabos by type
`syllables`	tuple[tuple[str, ...], ...]	Syllables of every line as the verse reads them, a synalepha marked with `‿`
`stresses`	tuple[tuple[int, ...], ...]	Indices of the stressed syllables of every line in `syllables`, from zero
`caesuras`	tuple[int/None, ...]	Index of the first syllable of the second hemistich of every line in `syllables`, `None` for a simple verse
`patterns`	tuple[str, ...]	Patterns of the lines of `+` (a stressed metrical syllable) and `-` (an unstressed one), as long as the line in metrical syllables
`c_clausulas`	dict[str, int]	Distribution of the endings of the lines by type: `aguda`, `llana`, `esdrújula`, `sobresdrújula`
`p_masculine`	float	Share of oxytone endings (`aguda`, the stress on the last syllable)
`p_feminine`	float	Share of paroxytone endings (`llana`, one syllable after the stress)
`p_dactylic`	float	Share of proparoxytone endings (`esdrújula`, two syllables after the stress)
`c_stressed_vowels`	dict[str, int]	Distribution of the stressed vowels
`mean_line_len`	float	Mean length of a line in metrical syllables
`rhyme_schemes`	tuple[str, ...]	Rhyme schemes of the stanzas
`p_rhymed`	float	Share of the rhymed lines
`c_rhymes`	dict[str, int]	Distribution of the rhymed lines by the kind of the rhyme: `consonante`, `asonante`
`strophes`	tuple[str/None, ...]	Names of the stanzas (`VERSE_STROPHES`)
`form`	str/None	Form of the poem: `soneto`, `romance`, the strophe of all its stanzas, `silva`
`seseo`	bool	Whether the rhyme is read with seseo

The meter is the length of most lines, and it is not determined (None) if more than a tenth of the lines (VERSE_MAX_DEVIATIONS) stay off it after the fitting - a polymetric poem (a silva, a sonnet with an estrambote of heptasílabos), free verse, prose - or if the text has a single line (VERSE_MIN_LINES). The lines of a poem without a meter are fitted to its common lengths - the ones of at least two lines and a tenth of them, as the 7 and the 11 syllables of a lira or a silva - if these take more than half of the lines; otherwise, as in free verse and prose, the lines keep their plain readings.

The rhythmic stresses (VERSE_RHYTHMS) are the ones a meter asks for besides the last stress, which every line has by the law of the final stress: the endecasílabo is stressed on the 6th syllable (a maiore) or on the 4th and the 8th (sáfico) or the 7th (dactílico); a compound verse on the last stress of its first hemistich. A meter with the last stress alone, the octosílabo among others, has p_pyrrhics 0.

Type	Stresses	Name
`1-6-10`	1st, 6th	enfático
`2-6-10`	2nd, 6th	heroico
`3-6-10`	3rd, 6th	melódico
`4-6-10`, `5-6-10`	the first stress on the 4th or the 5th, 6th	a maiore
`6-10`	6th, no stress before it	a maiore
`4-8-10`	4th, 8th, no 6th	sáfico
`4-7-10`	4th, 7th, no 6th nor 8th	dactílico, de gaita gallega

A line with the 6th syllable stressed takes its type from its first stress; 4-6-10 counts as sáfico in some treatises. A line with none of the three sets is left out of c_rhythms and counted in p_pyrrhics. The metrical syllables of stress_profile are counted from zero, so the 6th syllable is the number 5. stresses indexes syllables, and the two agree with patterns up to the last stress of a simple verse; in a compound verse each hemistich takes its own length, so after an aguda or an esdrújula at the caesura patterns and syllables part, and caesuras tells where the second hemistich begins.

Rhyme and strophes¶

A line rhymes by its ending from the last stressed vowel: in full (consonante) if the sounds are the same, by assonance (asonante) if the stressed and the last vowels are. The sounds are the ones of the ear: b and v, c and z (s with seseo), ll and y are one sound, h is silent, the tap r and the trill rr differ. The assonance leaves out the vowels between the stressed and the last one (pálido - a, o), takes the stressed vowel of a diphthong (cielo - e, o; gracia - a, a), reads a final i and u as e and o (fácil - a, e) and gives an aguda its stressed vowel alone. A line rhymes with the lines of the window of RHYME_WINDOW (4) lines before it, across the stanzas, so that the quatrains of a sonnet rhyme ABBA ABBA.

The assonance counts in two cases. A poem whose rhyme is the assonance - at least a third of its lines with no full rhyme, and at least four of them, share one (RHYME_MIN_ASSONANCE, RHYME_MIN_ASSONANT_LINES) - rhymes by the assonances of all its lines, which take in the full rhymes of the same vowels, as an assonant sonnet does. Otherwise the assonance counts on alternate lines with unrhymed lines between them: a run of at least four lines two apart with three in four of the lines between them free of a full rhyme (RHYME_MIN_FREE), or all the even lines of a stanza of an even number of lines, as the second and the fourth line of a copla. So a romance rhymes even when its assonance changes from part to part or its assonant lines also rhyme in full two by two. An assonance of neighbouring lines is no rhyme: in a sonnet of -ado and -ano the two groups stay apart.

The rhyme scheme follows the Spanish usage: the letters go in the order of the rhyme groups of the whole poem, upper-case for the lines of arte mayor (9 syllables and more, VERSE_ARTE_MAYOR) and lower-case for the lines of arte menor, a hyphen for an unrhymed line: a sonnet is ABBA ABBA CDC DCD, a redondilla abba, a lira aBabB, a romance -a-a-a-a. When the 26 letters run out, the letter of a group that no line in the window can join any more is taken again.

A stanza is named by its lines, their lengths, its scheme and its rhyme (VERSE_STROPHES, the first that fits):

Strophe	Lines	Lengths	Schemes	Rhyme
pareado	2	any	aa	any
terceto	3	arte mayor	aba, a-a, abc, aab, abb	any
tercerilla	3	arte menor	aba, a-a	any
cuaderna vía	4	14 each	aaaa	consonante
cuarteto, serventesio	4	arte mayor	abba; abab	consonante
redondilla, cuarteta	4	arte menor	abba; abab	consonante
seguidilla	4	7-5-7-5	-a-a	any
copla	4	8 each	-a-a	asonante
lira	5	7-11-7-7-11	ababb	consonante
quinteto, quintilla	5	arte mayor; arte menor	ababa, abaab, abbab, aabab, aabba	consonante
estrofa manriqueña	6	8-8-4-8-8-4	abcabc	consonante
sexta rima	6	arte mayor	ababcc	consonante
sexteto	6	arte mayor	aabccb, abcabc, abbacc, aabbcc	consonante
sextilla	6	arte menor	aabccb, ababcc, abcabc, aabaab	consonante
octava real	8	11 each	abababcc	consonante
décima	10	8 each	abbaaccddc	consonante

A stanza of a poem with no meter is fitted to the syllables of a strophe that asks for them, so that a single lira gets its 7 and 11 syllables. The form of a poem is soneto for 14 lines of a meter of arte mayor in full rhyme with the quatrains ABBA or ABAB and the tercets on rhymes of their own; romance for octosílabos from 8 lines with three in four of the even lines of the stanzas rhymed by assonance, which may change, and three in four of the odd ones unrhymed; the strophe of all the stanzas; silva for heptasílabos and endecasílabos with no meter, longer than a strophe (more than 10 lines) and with no pattern of lengths repeated by all its stanzas.

Note

The scansion, the meter and the stresses can be obtained apart with the functions of the module. The algorithm and the functions are described in the corresponding section.

Methods¶

get_stats¶

Returns a dictionary with the computed verse statistics.

Example

Code:

from ests import VerseStats

# The beginning of the sonnet I by Garcilaso de la Vega
text = """Cuando me paro a contemplar mi estado
y a ver los pasos por do me han traído,
hallo, según por do anduve perdido,
que a mayor mal pudiera haber llegado."""

vs = VerseStats(text)
vs.get_stats()

Result:

{'n_lines': 4,
 'n_stanzas': 1,
 'meter': 'endecasílabo',
 'n_feet': 11,
 'p_deviations': 0.0,
 'p_pyrrhics': 0.0,
 'p_rhymed': 1.0,
 'p_masculine': 0.0,
 'p_feminine': 1.0,
 'p_dactylic': 0.0}

The scansion of every line, the stress profile and the distributions are attributes:

Example

vs.syllables[1]
# ('y‿a', 'ver', 'los', 'pa', 'sos', 'por', 'do', 'me‿han', 'tra', 'í', 'do')
vs.patterns
# ('---+---+-+-', '-+-+---+-+-', '+--+--+--+-', '--++-+-+-+-')
vs.stresses[0]
# (3, 7, 9)
vs.stress_profile
# (0.25, 0.25, 0.25, 1.0, 0.0, 0.25, 0.25, 0.75, 0.0, 1.0, 0.0)
vs.c_rhythms, vs.c_clausulas
# ({'4-8-10': 2, '4-7-10': 1, '3-6-10': 1}, {'llana': 4})
vs.c_stressed_vowels
# {'a': 8, 'e': 3, 'i': 2, 'u': 2, 'o': 1}

The rhyme of the whole sonnet and of a romance:

Example

from ests.verse_stats import rhyme_scheme

sonnet = """Cuando me paro a contemplar mi estado
y a ver los pasos por do me han traído,
hallo, según por do anduve perdido,
que a mayor mal pudiera haber llegado;

mas cuando del camino estó olvidado,
a tanto mal no sé por dó he venido;
sé que me acabo, y más he yo sentido
ver acabar comigo mi cuidado.

Yo acabaré, que me entregué sin arte
a quien sabrá perderme y acabarme
si quisiere, y aún sabrá querello;

que pues mi voluntad puede matarme,
la suya, que no es tanto de mi parte,
pudiendo, ¿qué hará sino hacello?"""
vs = VerseStats(sonnet)
vs.rhyme_schemes, vs.strophes, vs.form
# (('ABBA', 'ABBA', 'CDE', 'DCE'), ('cuarteto', 'cuarteto', 'terceto', 'terceto'), 'soneto')

# The beginning of La tierra de Alvargonzález by Antonio Machado
romance = """Siendo mozo Alvargonzález,
dueño de mediana hacienda,
que en otras tierras se dice
bienestar y aquí, opulencia,
en la feria de Berlanga
prendóse de una doncella,
y la tomó por mujer
al año de conocerla."""
vs = VerseStats(romance)
rhyme_scheme(romance), vs.form, vs.c_rhymes
# ('-a-a-a-a', 'romance', {'asonante': 4})

print_stats¶

Prints a table with the computed verse statistics.

Example

Code:

from ests import VerseStats

# The first stanza of Sonatina by Rubén Darío (Prosas profanas, 1896)
sonatina = (
    "La princesa está triste... ¿qué tendrá la princesa?\n"
    "Los suspiros se escapan de su boca de fresa,\n"
    "que ha perdido la risa, que ha perdido el color.\n"
    "La princesa está pálida en su silla de oro,\n"
    "está mudo el teclado de su clave sonoro;\n"
    "y en un vaso olvidada se desmaya una flor."
)
vs = VerseStats(sonatina)
vs.print_stats()

Result:

                  Statistic                   |    Value
------------------------------------------------------------
Number of lines                               |      6
Number of stanzas                             |      1
Meter                                         | alejandrino
Number of metrical syllables                  |      14
Share of lines off the meter                  |     0.00
Share of lines without the rhythmic stresses  |     0.00
Share of rhymed lines                         |     1.00
Share of oxytone endings (aguda)              |     0.33
Share of paroxytone endings (llana)           |     0.67
Share of proparoxytone endings (esdrújula)    |     0.00

The alejandrino is read by hemistichs of 7 syllables, each by the law of the final stress: La princesa está pálida (an esdrújula) and que ha perdido el color (an aguda) count 7 each.

Example

vs.syllables[3]
# ('la', 'prin', 'ce', 'sa‿es', 'tá', 'pá', 'li', 'da', 'en', 'su', 'si', 'lla', 'de', 'o', 'ro')
vs.patterns[2], vs.patterns[3]
# ('+-+--+-+-+--+-', '--+-++---+--+-')
vs.stresses[3], vs.caesuras
# ((2, 4, 5, 10, 13), (7, 7, 7, 8, 7, 7))

accentuate¶

Returns the text with the stresses marked: an acute accent (U+0301) is put after the stressed vowel of every stressed word that has no written accent; the words with a written accent keep it, and the unstressed words of the verse (VERSE_PROCLITICS) stay unmarked, except the last word of a line. The marks are combining characters apart from the written accents, so unicodedata.normalize("NFC", ...) turns them into accented letters. Only the lines with Spanish words are returned (as in lines), the stanzas separated by a blank line.

Example

Code:

...

print(VerseStats(text).accentuate())

Result:

Cuando me páro a contemplár mi estádo
y a vér los pásos por do me hán traído,
hállo, según por do andúve perdído,
que a mayór mál pudiéra habér llegádo.